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A highly sensitive person (HSP) is a person having the innate trait of high sensory processing sensitivity (or ''innate sensitiveness'', as originally coined by Carl Jung〔 * Jung, C. (1913). 'The theory of psychoanalysis'. CW 4. * ______ (1916). 'Psychoanalysis and neurosis'. CW 4.〕). Some common signs are sensitivity to loud noises, bright or fluorescent lights, and strong smells. HSP's often describe themselves as having a rich and complex inner life. They may startle easily and get rattled when required to accomplish a lot in a short time. According to Elaine N. Aron and colleagues as well as other researchers, highly sensitive people, who compose about a fifth of the population (equal numbers in men and women), may process sensory data much more deeply and thoroughly due to a biological difference in their nervous systems.〔Ketay, S., Hedden, T., Aron, A., Aron, E., Markus, H., & Gabrieli, G. (2007, January). The personality/temperament trait of high sensitivity: fMRI evidence for independence of cultural context in attentional processing. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Memphis, TN. Summary by Aron (2006): "''A functional study comparing brain activation in Asians recently arrived in the United States to European-Americans found that in the nonsensitive, different areas were activated according to culture,during a difficult discrimination task known to be affected by culture, but culture had no impact on the activated areas for highly sensitive subjects, as if they were able to view the stimuli without cultural influence''."〕 This is a specific trait, with key consequences for how we view people, that in the past has often been confused with innate shyness, social anxiety problems, social inhibition, social phobia and innate fearfulness,〔Kagan, J. 1994 Galen’s prophecy. New York: Basic Books.〕 and introversion. The trait is measured using the HSP Scale, which has been demonstrated to have both internal and external validity.〔 Although the term is primarily used to describe humans, something similar to the trait is present in over 100 other species.〔While many animals are sensitive to specific stimuli, it seems that others demonstrate a broader sensitivity, plasticity, or flexibility. For example, Sih and Bell (2008) wrote that enough examples exist "to suggest that individual difference in environmental and social sensitivity is common, potentially quite important, and worthy of further study" (p. 16). Dingemanse and colleagues (2009) provide an integrative model for observing personality traits (e.g., shy, bold, aggressive, nonaggressive) that in some species or individuals are inflexible and completely specific to context but in other cases are flexible, occurring in some contexts and not in others, according to its usefulness, so that the underlying trait in these cases would be being sensitive enough to know when to be sensitive—suggesting layers of processing. * * 〕 ==Usage== The term "highly sensitive person" (HSP) was coined by Dr. Elaine N. Aron in 1996, and the name is gaining popularity because it presents the trait in a positive light. It posits that shyness, inhibition, and fearfulness, terms often used to describe some HSPs, may or may not be acquired by them, depending entirely on environmental stressors. A number of books have been written on the topic using this term, mainly ''The Highly Sensitive Person'', ''The Highly Sensitive Child'', ''The Highly Sensitive Person in Love'', and ''The Highly Sensitive Person's Workbook'' by Elaine Aron; ''The Highly Sensitive Person's Survival Guide'', ''The Highly Sensitive Person's Companion'', and ''The Strong, Sensitive Boy'' by Ted Zeff, PhD.; ''Making Work Work for the Highly Sensitive Person'' by Barrie Jaeger, and the memoir ''Help Is On Its Way'' by Jenna Forrest.〔Dr. Aron describes a second trait that can considerably alter the look of the trait in a particular person which is high sensation seeking. Although it may seem to be the opposite of sensory processing sensitivity, "the opposite of a Highly Sensitive Person (HSP) is a person who takes many risks, that is, acts without reflecting very much. An HSP who is an HSS (High Sensation Seeker) also will find ways to have novel experiences, but will not take ill-considered risks." (from (WebMD Live Events Transcript ) ''The Highly Sensitive Person In Love'' with Elaine Aron).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Highly sensitive person」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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